Conservancy News

The Santa Monica Conservancy is pleased to announce the composition of its new 21st Century Task Force, which was conceived by the Board last fall as the programmatic component of the strategic plan adopted in November. Chaired by Kaitlin Drisko, Principal of Drisko Studio Architects, and facilitated by Allison Sampson, Vice President and Executive Director for Emerson College in Los Angeles, our Task Force members are leaders in local business, education, governance and planning, history, law and activism. The Task Force will bring their considerable expertise to the task of identifying the most important issues on the horizon in Santa Monica, ranging from education, government, housing and sustainability to social justice and more, looking for where historic preservation intersects and aligns.

Convening remotely each month, the Task Force will conclude in December with a comprehensive portfolio of potential projects aligned with the Conservancy’s mission for the Board to consider as it sets the agenda for the balance of this decade.  We will keep you updated on the work of the Task Force in the coming months.

Click here to to learn more about each member.

With the Santa Monica Council election campaigns in progress, we thought it would interest you to see the candidates’ views on historic preservation in our city.  Eight of the nineteen candidates– Phil Brock, Tom Ciszek, Gleam Davis, Mario Fonda-Bonardi, Chip Martin, Terry O’Day, Christine Parra and Ted Winterer – answered our questionnaire.  Their responses are below, along with clarifying information from the Conservancy in italics.

 

1. What do you see as the biggest impediment to Santa Monica’s stated goal of preserving its historic, architectural and cultural resources? What obstacles or disincentives to historic preservation are you aware of?

Phil Brock: The answer is pretty simple. The WILL to preserve our 145-year history must be foremost on every city council person’s mind. That will must, in turn, be a mandate to our city staff. Our town has always spent more time in the pursuit of building mediocre buildings than preserving our history and culture. That has to change. The shift can begin by restoring the Landmarks Commission’s power to advance historic preservation. Also, the Santa Monica Conservancy must become acknowledged as a legitimate partner of the Landmark Commission and the City of Santa Monica to help identify and advance the critical work of preservation in our community.

Tom Ciszek:  The biggest impediment to the preservation goals are state mandated housing growth and policy. We must balance sustainable preservation with growth and our natural resource availability.

Gleam Davis: I think that the biggest impediment to continuing Santa Monica’s preservation efforts is the lack of City funding for those efforts.  Due to cutbacks that are the result of the pandemic, the City has had to reduce City staff, reduce support for the Landmarks Commission, and reduce consulting fees and other expenses connected to the City’s preservation work.

Mario Fonda-Bonardi: City Council, the City Manager and Planning Department staff do not prioritize preservation in Santa Monica for a number of reasons. First, I don’t think most of them truly understand the benefits of historic preservation for our City, including the attraction of heritage tourism, the maintenance of the character and upkeep of neighborhoods and structures, and the adaptive reuse potential in a city that is already nearly built out. Second, in light of the economic downturn, mismanagement of city funds, the pandemic and social unrest, preservation has taken a back seat. Some of these obstacles will disappear over time, but in the long run, city personnel need to be educated on the benefits in order to support implementation.

The City also needs a dedicated preservation specialist within the Planning Department staff who believes in the value of preservation and is experienced and educated in this area. To this point in time, our staff has been either laissez faire or worse, obstructionist.

Another disincentive is stripping the Landmarks Commission of its oversight on demolition permits, failing to update the landmarks ordinance, and making the Historic Resources Inventory better understood and more user-friendly.

Chip Martin:

• Developers wanting to take that land that is already planned or designated as historical
• Disincentives goes to the value of the land vs. the cost of keeping it historical. Does the city lose money by giving a property historical designation?
• Debate over the historical value of each property. I know there are guidelines, but I’m sure this is always a topic of debate

Terry O’Day:  The biggest obstacle at this moment is our fiscal resources.  We have been suffering through a massive economic disruption that has not finished with us.  We are expecting layoffs this fall from companies that we restricted from layoffs due to federal funding.  We are also operating under eviction protections in commercial and residential properties.  During this time however, residential defaults have climbed from single-digits to 30% of all renters.  This risks dislocation of renters at a rate not seen since the Great Depression, and commercial renters that will leave us with vacant storefronts and vacant city coffers.  In times like these, historic preservation not only takes a backseat in funding, but also faces increased pressures from property owners who unexpectedly feel pressure to change their properties – fast and on the cheap.  This can include wholesale demolition and replacement, but also insidious, under-detected property changes that undermine historic preservation.

The city should look for ways to identify and address these risks that do not add to our fiscal burden.  Utilizing code enforcement staff, with enhanced training can help.  We should be optimizing our land use ordinances to favor preservation.

Christine Parra: The biggest impediments I see related to Santa Monica’s ability to preserve its historic, architectural and cultural resources are developers and private property owners wanting to demolish all or part of historically significant properties to make way for new buildings that would yield more income.  Other than the challenges noted above, I am unaware of any other obstacles or impediments.

Ted Winterer: The biggest threat to our preservation goals are the lawyers, one in particular, who are determined to eviscerate our Landmarks Ordinance. We had an unfavorable and profoundly unfortunate outcome from the litigation over the Home Savings of America building and currently are being sued over the designation of structures on Woodacres and La Mesa. And court decisions such as Woody’s have required changes to our landmarks process which have made it more challenging to apply for landmarks status.

Fortunately, the current City Council has been very supportive of historic preservation and generally votes to deny appeals of designations (I was visiting my ailing mother when the decision on the sycamore tree was rendered). So the City Attorney has been aggressively defending these assaults on our Landmarks Ordinance.

 

2. The City of Santa Monica is experiencing a budget crunch. Given that, what do you think the City can do, within its current means, to promote preservation and remove the impediments above? For example, are there any ordinances, policies, procedures, staffing, or programs that the City could adopt?

Phil Brock: Any fees that have been imposed by the City of Santa Monica to nominate a building or historic district must end. The community must be encouraged to participate in the crucial work of landmarking without any impediments. Even though we have a reduced budget, our city treasury is dampened but not decimated. We are currently operating at the level of city spending we had in 2013. We still spend approximately three times the amount that Los Angeles spends on each resident. We can afford to waive any fees associated with applying for landmark status. Also, the city staff should expedite applications whenever possible. The Historic San Vicente Coalition is still awaiting receipt of the ordinance that governs the district and the simple signage needed to delineate the boundaries. The wait is now five years. It shows that our city staff has not treated preservation as a priority.

Tom Ciszek:  Regarding the budget crunch – to promote preservation, we must incentivize responsible rehabilitation of important resources; permit waivers and expeditious city service via digital means (e.g. process automation and zoom interviews) are two ideas that I think will help assist individuals seeking to repair and renovate in the spirit of maintaining the charm and character of our neighborhoods in a safe manner.

Gleam Davis: Until the City budget recovers somewhat, I think the most important thing that the City can do is put as much relevant information on the City’s website as possible so that members of the Conservancy and others can research the history of properties that should be preserved.  Once the City budget begins to recover, the City may be able to restore some of the services that previously supported preservation of  historic, architectural, and cultural resources.  However, that is unlikely to happen in the next 12 to 24 months.

Mario Fonda-Bonardi: The Santa Monica Conservancy has offered its help in fashioning an updated ordinance and supplementing, where needed and appropriate, staffing gaps in preservation. Much of the Conservancy’s education programs could be made available to residents and tourists and be viewed by City Council and staff to educate themselves on what resources our City has.

The City needs to take a close look at reducing staff and excessive salaries where there is duplication of work or no longer a need. With some of the savings, more funds could be directed to implementing preservation services.

Chip Martin:

• I’m a proponent of slowing the overdevelopment of our city. The city has been giving in to large developers and it needs to stop!
• I realize we have an approx. $250 million deficit. Are there items on the Conservancy’s agenda that could be cut to help save costs to the city?

Conservancy comments:  This year the Conservancy has worked closely with Council, the City Manager and staff regarding the City’s historic preservation program. We recommended which Landmarks Commission responsibilities were crucial to maintain; how the Conservancy could assist the City to reduce costs of processes that seem inefficient and/or unnecessary; and how we could increase our role to support the Landmarks Commission and the preservation program, given the reduction in staff time.

• At this time all departments in the city need to prioritize what items are most critical now and in the short term. The Conservancy needs to be flexible but hold true to properties of most significance.

Terry O’Day:  I may have over-written my last response, given this question.  Adding to that, we should look to a couple major projects to support historic preservation – the Miramar and Ocean Ave hotel both have significant preservation components.  The Plaza on Arizona has the potential to transform that neighborhood, opening Arizona to pedestrians-only and inviting a new occupant of the very important preservation site – our Post Office.  A new occupant might have a better solution for engaging the public to appreciate this building and its history.

Christine Parra: Assuming that the City of Santa Monica does not already have this in place, I would recommend as part of all processes pertaining to remodel, refurbish and demolition of properties in the City of Santa Monica, an assessment must be conducted to ensure that the property is not historically, architecturally or culturally significant and if so, the City is required to do what is necessary to preserve the property.  I recognize that this approach may not be realistic but it should be important since the landscape of our beach community is ever evolving and losing its “beach” identity.

Conservancy comment: Our municipal code specifies that no property over 40 years old can be demolished without a public hearing before the Landmarks Commission to determine if the property might qualify as a landmark or structure of merit. If designated, the Commission ensures that any remodel or refurbishment meets certain standards. However, due to recent budget cuts, the City no longer has the Commission reviewing the demolition permits of these properties so monitoring these demolitions falls to the general public. In response, the Conservancy, in partnership with neighborhood organizations and others in the community wanting to be involved, is now working to identify properties that should be saved. This is particularly important for properties which represent our diverse cultural history (delete: of Santa Monica) and might not be recognized as important based on their architectural characteristics.

Ted Winterer: It’s more than a budget crunch – we had to cut $224M through June 2021 using the state’s projections that business closures would end by June 30^th. Given that it’s mid-September and many of the businesses which generate 65% of City revenues are either still closed or operating at reduced capacity, we can’t count on a return to pre-COVID revenues any time soon.

So it was great regret that we had to cut the Historic Preservation Planner position so many of us had fought for before it was even filled – that would have been a great asset to our preservation goals.

However, even with limited resources we should:

1. a) Evaluate early in 2021 the IZO which removed demolition permit review from the Landmarks Commission, as my motion to do so directed. We need to make sure the information and promised financial resources have been provided to the Conservancy to monitor demo permit applications and to review the legal obstacles staff cited as one reason for the change. b) Seek a status update on revisions to the Landmarks Ordinance. c) Evaluate the current virtual meetings of the Commission, is there money to allow public input by phone instead of just email? If not, can we allow for real-time email input? d) Assure development agreements for the large sites downtown are providing community benefits for preservation.

 

3. What direct experience, if any, have you had with historic preservation locally or elsewhere? Please describe.

Phil Brock: I was the co-chair of the Historic San Vicente Coalition. The Santa Monica Conservancy awarded the Coalition a 2016 Advocacy Award for our work in helping to birth the Historic District, which is devoted to the garden and courtyard apartments on San Vicente Blvd between Ocean Avenue and 7th Street.

Tom Ciszek:  My wife and I are in escrow on a 1913 home in Ocean Park — to answer question #3.  This is my first experience with historic preservation directly; however, I have experience researching preservation and the preservation of books and ephemera given my background in information and library science.

Gleam Davis: Other than my work on the Planning Commission and the City Council, I do not have any specific experience related to historic preservation.  My record, however, demonstrates my clear support for preserving Santa Monica’s history as expressed in the built environment.  I supported the San Vicente Courtyard District as well as the recently-designated Ocean Park Bungalow District.  If re-elected, I continue to support preservation efforts as well as the transparency and integrity of the preservation process.

Mario Fonda-Bonardi: As a proud 10-year Conservancy board member, much of my direct experience has been through this organization. I was instrumental in the elongated process of saving, relocating, fundraising and rehabilitating the shotgun house and transforming it into the Conservancy’s preservation resource center. I have served as a docent trainer and an actual docent for the Center.

I was also an active participant in bringing about the designation of Chez Jay and the 11^th Street Bungalow Historic District, meeting with the committee, researching, strategizing and promoting the designation.

Chip Martin:

• I was a docent at the Marion Davies Beach House from 2015 to 2017. I had to stop when a new job required some weekend hours. I’m a major history buff and loved giving the tours!
• I work in the building industry so architecture has always been a large part of my job and a major interest.
• Living downtown, I know the history of most of our historical sites and enjoy showing my friends and visitors as we walk around our great city! I could rattle them all off now but we know what they are!

Terry O’Day:  My direct experience has really only been as a Planning Commissioner for seven years and councilmember for almost 11.  I have learned so much from the Conservancy and its volunteers and am proud to understand how preservation works and how it benefits generations to create a more integrated, intelligent, grounded community.

Christine Parra: While I do not have direct experience with historic preservation, my love is deep for the arts and preservation of historic places.  While earning a degree in Urban Studies, I had an opportunity to take classes that taught us about different styles of architecture and the importance of preserving California history.  When I met my husband, we spent many weekends attending open houses of historically significant properties so I could share my love of historical places with him.  This love has transcended into our married and family life with our children.

Ted Winterer:  As a Councilmember for eight years I believe I have consistently voted for historic preservation. One’s memory gets a bit foggy as time passes, but in recent years I recall voting for historic districts on 11^th and 4^th Streets, the landmarking of John Parkinson’s home at 808 Woodacres and the preservation of 710 Wilshire.

For years I’ve kept my eyes out for things such as a seemingly illegal alteration to a building on the HRI and then alerted staff and preservationists.

And I was a dues-paying member of the Conservancy for many years, one of only two Councilmembers who joined, until the legal issues cited above required that I cancel my membership so as to be able to vote on decisions for which the Conservancy was an advocate.

by Livia Cavallo, Lead Designer, KFA Architecture

On August 24, 2020, the Santa Monica Landmarks Commission approved a new affordable housing project on the site of the landmarked Nikkei Hall at 1413 Michigan Avenue. The proposed project will be built on the parking lot of the building and will integrate the former community center into the design. The project includes the rehabilitation of the landmark to the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and seeks to highlight the historic site for greater public visibility and appreciation.

Japanese immigrants first established a community in Santa Monica in the early 1900s with a thriving fishing village in the Santa Monica Canyon. The Japanese-American community expanded throughout central Santa Monica and Ocean Park with many transitioning into agriculture, gardening and nursery services.

With the advent of World War II, they were forced into internment camps, which resulted in the loss of their businesses and homes.  When they were able to return to their previous neighborhoods, fewer than 200 Nikkei returned to Santa Monica. They rebuilt their community in the Pico Neighborhood.

In 1951 a group of Issei (Japanese-born immigrants) leaders formed the Santa Monica Nikkei Hall, Inc. and purchased property at 1413 Michigan Avenue. Santa Monica Nikkei Hall was built in 1957 to house the activities of the social organization of the same name. The architect was Yoshimi Tom Makino, who was also incarcerated during the war.

The modest one-story social hall and residence was designed in the architectural style known as Mid-Century Modern Institutional.  It was here that their families gathered and socialized, connecting with their heritage, celebrating holidays, conducting funerals and receiving support services. As its membership grew, an addition was constructed in 1969. A decade later the use of the hall decreased significantly as these families began to move out of the area. By 2017 the Hall dwindled to only a handful of members. The property was sold.

The Landmarks Commission initiated and designated the shuttered community center as a historic landmark in 2018 for its cultural significance. The structure was saved from demolition when a member of the Landmarks Commission familiar with local history reported the significance of the modest building in the lives of the City’s historic Japanese-American community.

With the purchase of the corner lot by nonprofit organization EAH Housing in 2019, the Nikkei Hall entered a new phase. The historical building is being incorporated into The Laurel, a 58-unit affordable housing project designed by KFA Architecture. It is scheduled to begin construction in the fall of 2021 and will be completed in spring of 2023. The integration of a modest historical building into a larger contemporary complex required particular care and an approach rooted in respect, deference and creating an architectural and spatial dialog between new and old.

The historical building is separated from the surrounding L-shaped structure by a central courtyard, providing a green buffer between the structures and a gathering space for tenants. The new building steps down at the corners, reducing the mass toward Michigan Avenue and allowing light to penetrate to the center of the project and Nikkei Hall, and is canted deferentially to the historic structure. The larger mass behind Nikkei Hall features subtle references to its design, including horizontally oriented panels to pick up on the lines of the character-defining windows at the front of the hall. The historic building will be rehabilitated as a manager’s unit and a community room, establishing a line of continuity in the use of the Hall.

As a whole, the Japanese community center will receive more of the attention it deserves with a respectful larger building and landscaped open space surrounding it, rather than being surrounded by a large parking lot. The Landmarks Commission gave its enthusiastic support for the project and unanimously approved the design. Nikkei Hall’s status as a landmark will be enhanced by proper refurbishment, adaptive reuse and the complementary design of the new structure, as well as being part of a project providing much needed affordable housing for the City.

The Conservancy has been working since May to protect the essential functions of our Landmarks Commission in the face of severe budget cuts and staff reductions. At the same time, we have been giving a lot of thought to how historic preservation can be part of our much-needed focus on equity and justice.

The Landmarks Commission met on July 29 for the first time since March and did not have demolition permits on their agenda.  Despite all our efforts, this review, one of the Commission’s core functions, has been removed from their purview and shifted to “the community.” By definition, these are the properties most at risk! While it is reasonably straightforward to identify buildings with architectural significance, those with cultural or historical value are usually identified in the public forum of a Landmarks Commission hearing. Instead of allowing the Commission to pursue an investigation of a potential landmark, protecting a threatened historic or cultural resource now requires the community’s intervention to file a landmark application and paying the filing fee, currently over $800. And access to the information necessary to research potential candidates for designation will be much more limited than in the past.

As part of the budget cuts, the city has also instituted a cost recovery model for the fees associated with applications for designation, eliminating fee waivers for non-profits, requiring payment for most consultant reports, ignoring the very real public benefit of maintaining our heritage and making historic preservation unaffordable for many.

We understand historic preservation as one the ways we can create and promote equity and justice. Protecting historic places representing our communities of color enables us to tell the full story. It also means that we can prevent this history from being erased.

Because of these unfortunate changes to the preservation program, the Santa Monica Conservancy must put new emphasis on the review of demolition permits and filing landmark applications when warranted. But we cannot do it without you!  Much of the information about our cultural heritage resides in community memories, especially those of our underrepresented populations.

We will notify you of the monthly demolition list in our newly created Advocacy News email. We will also collaborate with neighborhood organizations and community groups to publicize the lists and encourage their members to help provide information about threatened sites.

What can you do?

• Sign up for our monthly Advocacy News and share it with your friends and neighbors.
• Notify us at [email protected] if you see a demolition sign in your neighborhood and include any information you might have about the property’s significance, history and culture.
• Donate to our Preservation Advocacy Fund to strengthen our voice for preservation in Santa Monica.

Let’s work together and ensure that our historic preservation program remains strong, and that we protect the places that represent the history and culture of all our communities.

 

The Santa Monica Conservancy recognized eight exemplary contributors to the preservation of Santa Monica’s architectural and cultural heritage. The Awards Committee congratulates the families, businesses and individuals for their preservation, stewardship, advocacy and volunteer work in our city.

Take a visual tour and learn about the work behind the scenes. Preservation Awards Part 1 features the Santa Monica Professional Building, Tartine Bakery, Villa Vicente and the Bay Street Beach Historic District. Preservation Awards Part 2 features the E.J. Carrillo Residence, 518 Adelaide Drive, 143 Wadsworth Avenue and Kay Pattison will be available next week.

 

President’s Award: Santa Monica Professional Building
as part of the Proper Hotel at 700 Wilshire Boulevard

This 1928 landmark building has been rehabilitated and adaptively reused as 55 rooms with ground floor commercial space as part of the new Proper Hotel. The five-story building was refurbished, including rehabilitated steel windows and storefronts, restored interior circulation spaces and significant seismic improvements. The historic building is linked to a much larger development on the remainder of the block. In a unique process with extensive public process and design review, the project team developed a compatible new structure with a compelling modern expression in harmony with the historic building.

 

Rehabilitation Award: Villa Vicente
234 Vicente Boulevard

Villa Vicente, a two-story, 20-unit apartment building built in 1953 is a contributor to the San Vicente Courtyard Apartments Historic District and a striking example of simple modernism that remains remarkably intact. Original aluminum windows have been refurbished and inappropriate changes such as sliding windows have been replaced with aluminum sash to match. Stairs and railings that surround and enliven the courtyard were all repaired and refurbished. The project has added long-term life to this historic property and represents the successful use of the Mills Act program in preserving and enhancing the historic resources of Santa Monica.

 

Rehabilitation & Adaptive Reuse Award: Tartine Bakery, CIM Group
1925 Arizona Avenue

Built in 1933, the former Gates, Kingsley & Gates Moeller Murphy Funeral Directors chapel was converted into a bakery and full-service restaurant for Tartine, which opened in March 2020. The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards guided the sensitive rehabilitation of the Tudor Revival style building throughout the project. The chapel’s cruciform plan was the basis for the restaurant’s interior layout, and materials, colors, fenestration shapes and stucco finish details on the exterior were unchanged. The extensive scope of work included structural repairs and upgrade of electrical, plumbing and mechanical systems, as well as the addition of fire sprinkler and fire alarm systems, restroom facilities and interior and exterior accessibility upgrades to meet the requirements of the new use.

 

Cultural Landscape Award: Bay Street Beach National Register Nomination and Listing
Alison Rose Jefferson, Ph.D., and Michael Blum

The Bay Street Beach Historic District became Santa Monica’s first district in the National Register of Historic Places in 2019. The 53-acre district recognizes and celebrates an intact African American seaside cultural landscape. During the Jim Crow era, the beach was self-selected by African Americans as a place of recreation and leisure where its visitors felt relatively safe from racist harassment. At this time, fewer than five percent of the listings in the National Register are associated with communities of color. The successful nomination required extensive documentation and advocacy by author and historian Alison Rose Jefferson, Ph.D., and Michael Blum, Executive Director of Sea of Clouds, a nonprofit focusing on coastal heritage conservation/historic preservation and environmental conservation.

 

Rehabilitation Award: E.J. Carrillo Residence
1602 Georgina Avenue

This distinctive 1924 adobe home designed by famed local architect John Byers was extensively rehabilitated, preserving its exterior character and integrity. Major architectural features were restored or replaced in-kind. All the exterior plaster stucco was retained and preserved, as well as the distinctive roof tile and roofing system. The brick patio area was lovingly restored – the bricks had all been pulled up and stockpiled in the yard. The front porch was restored and porch pavers repaired. Original windows were preserved while non-operable shutters on the façade which did not appear to be original were removed, bringing back the simple Mexican vernacular of the Byers design. Owners John and Ali De Neufville and architect Paul Williger are proud and dedicated stewards of this important historic home.

 

Stewardship Award: 518 Adelaide Drive, Barry & Sharla Boehm

This unusual example of French Norman Revival architecture has been the home of the Boehm family since 1968. With very few changes made over the years, the distinctive charm of this historic 1925 home has been carefully tended. In 2019, Barry Boehm decided to preserve his house in perpetuity by nominating it for Santa Monica landmark designation. This particular style, inspired by French provincial architecture going back to the middle ages, is an unusual variant of the Period Revival styles that were prevalent in Santa Monica during the 1920s. With steeply angled rooflines, asymmetrical and irregular massing, and the rounded tower entryway, it is unique. The house now affirms its historic significance as an anchor amidst a rapidly changing streetscape on Adelaide Drive.

 

Rehabilitation Award: 143 Wadsworth Avenue

Turning a dilapidated 1905 rooming house into a beautifully restored and renovated family home took courage, dedication and attention to historic preservation principles. When the home was purchased by its current owners, it was in dire condition from neglect and jerry-built alterations, with sagging ceilings and exposed electrical wires. Historic preservation architect Winston Chappell guided the project to a successful conclusion. Wood floors, wainscoting, windows, doors and built-ins have been restored, and renovated spaces include antique décor selected by the owner. Spacious sleeping porches in the front and back were restored as sunrooms, and downstairs living areas were opened up to create a bright and welcoming Great Room, accomplished by relocating a ceiling support beam. This shingled American Foursquare house with a generous open porch is now a strong presence in the historic South Beach neighborhood.

 

Outstanding Volunteer Award: Kay Pattison

For more than a decade, Kay has been one of the most dedicated, talented and creative volunteers who has helped shape the Conservancy. After enrolling in the Downtown Walking Tour docent training, she became its manager, developing a loyal cadre of docents and providing the highest level of service for the public. After becoming a docent for the Annenberg Community Beach House, she developed new docent training materials about actress Marion Davies from her research at the Academy of Motion Pictures Library. She also launched the popular annual Happy Birthday, Marion! event at the Beach House. Whether costumed as Harpo Marx, leading a VIP tour, or marching in a Fourth of July parade, Kay’s contributions to the Conservancy’s success have been invaluable.